Paddy field in Philippines

A paddy field is a flooded parcel ofarable land used for growingsemiaquatic rice. Paddy cultivation should not be confused with cultivation of deep water rice, which is grown in flooded conditions with water more than 50 cm (20 in) deep for at least a month. Genetic evidence published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) shows that all forms of paddy rice, both indica andjaponica, spring from a single domestication of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon that occurred 8,200–13,500 years ago in China.^[1] Paddy fields are the typical feature of rice farming ineast, south and southeast Asia. Paddies can be built into steep hillsides asterraces and adjacent to depressed or steeply sloped features such as rivers or marshes. They can require a great deal of labor and materials to create, and need large quantities of water forirrigation. Oxen and water buffalo, adapted for life in wetlands, are important working animals used extensively in paddy field farming.

During the twentieth century, paddy field farming became the dominant form of growing rice. Hill tribes of Thailandstill cultivate dry-soil varieties calledupland rice.^[2] Paddy field farming is practiced in Cambodia, Bangladesh,China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Iran,Japan, North Korea, South Korea,Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand,Vietnam, and Laos, as well as Piedmontin Italy, the Camargue in France,^[3] theArtibonite Valley in Haiti, andSacramento Valley in California. Paddy fields are a major source of atmospheric methane and have been estimated to contribute in the range of 50 to 100 million tonnes of the gas per annum.^[4][5] Recent studies have shown that this can be significantly reduced while also boosting crop yield by draining the paddies to allow the soil to aerate to interrupt methane production.^[6] Studies have also shown the variability in assessment of methane emission using local, regional and global factors and calling for better inventorisation based on micro level data.^[7]

The word "paddy" is derived from theMalay word padi, rice plant.